SAKA'S BLOG

OkHttp(三)之使用方法

一些使用方法:

同步方法Get:

下载一个文件,打印它的头信息,打印响应体。

response.body的string()方法用来输出小型文档非常方便并且效率非常高。但是假如response.body大于1M,应该避免使用string()方法,因为它将会将整个文档加载到内存中。此时使用流更好。

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private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
}

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

异步Get方法

在工作线程上下载文件,并在响应可读时调用毁掉方法。 回调在响应头准备好之后进行。 读取响应体可能仍会阻塞线程。 OkHttp目前不提供异步API来接收部分响应体。

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private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();

client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
@Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

@Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
for (int i = 0, size = responseHeaders.size(); i < size; i++) {
System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
}

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
});
}

访问头

通常HTTP的头信息类似于Map :每个字段有一个值或为空。 但一些头允许多个值,如Guava的Multimap。 例如,HTTP响应提供多个Vary头是合法且常见的。
在写入请求标头时,使用header(name,value)将替换头信息。 如果有现有值,则在添加新值之前将删除它们。 使用addHeader(name,value)添加头,而不删除已经存在的头。

读取响应头时,使用header(name)返回最后一次的值。如果没有值,header(name)将返回null。 要将所有字段的值作为列表读取,请使用headers(name)。

要访问所有头,请使用支持通过索引访问的Headers类。

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private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues")
.header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java")
.addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5")
.addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server"));
System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date"));
System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary"));
}

Post方法传入字符串

使用HTTP POST将请求正文发送到服务器。此示例将markdown文档发布到能将markdown转换为HTML的Web服务器。由于整个请求主体都在内存中,因此请避免使用此API发布大(大于1个MiB)文档。

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public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
= MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
String postBody = ""
+ "Releases\n"
+ "--------\n"
+ "\n"
+ " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n"
+ " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n"
+ " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n";

Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody))
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

Post发送流

这里使用POST方法以流的方式发送请求。请求内容将会一边生成一边写入。 此示例直接流入Okio缓冲接收器。你可能更喜欢OutputStream,您可以从BufferedSink.outputStream()获取。

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public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
= MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
@Override public MediaType contentType() {
return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN;
}

@Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n");
sink.writeUtf8("-------\n");
for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) {
sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i)));
}
}

private String factor(int n) {
for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
int x = n / i;
if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i;
}
return Integer.toString(n);
}
};

Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(requestBody)
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

Post一个文件

直接看代码:

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public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
= MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
File file = new File("README.md");

Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file))
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

Post form表单

使用FormBody.Builder构建一个类似于HTML

标签的请求体。 名称和值将使用HTML兼容的表单URL编码进行编码。

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private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder()
.add("search", "Jurassic Park")
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php")
.post(formBody)
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

Post复杂体请求

MultipartBody.Builder可以构建与HTML文件上传表单兼容的复杂请求体。 大部分请求正文的每个部分本身都是请求正文,并且可以定义其自己的头。 这些头信息应描述内容主体,例如其Content-Disposition。 如果Content-Length和Content-Type的header可用,则会自动添加。

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private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "...";
private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
// Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image
RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
.setType(MultipartBody.FORM)
.addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo")
.addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png",
RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
.build();

Request request = new Request.Builder()
.header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
.url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image")
.post(requestBody)
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

使用Gson解析JSON响应体

Gson是一个很方便的API,用于在JSON和Java对象之间进行转换。 这里我们使用它来解码来自GitHub API的JSON响应。

请注意,ResponseBody.charStream()使用Content-Type响应头来选择在解码响应正文时要使用的字符集。 如果没有指定字符集,它默认为UTF-8。

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private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
private final Gson gson = new Gson();

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class);
for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey());
System.out.println(entry.getValue().content);
}
}

static class Gist {
Map<String, GistFile> files;
}

static class GistFile {
String content;
}

缓存响应

你需要为响应缓存设置一个你自己能够读写的目录,并且为这个缓存设定大小。缓存目录必须是私有的,不被信任的程序不能访问这个目录。

不能使用多个缓存同时访问同意缓存目录。大多数应用程序应该只调用OkHttpClient()一次(就是只创建一个实例),否则多个实例会导致程序崩溃,破坏缓存文件。

响应缓存对所有配置使用HTTP头。 您可以添加请求头,如Cache-Control:max-stale = 3600,OkHttp的缓存会使用这些配置。你的网络服务器会配置响应缓存持续时间的响应头,如Cache-Control:max-age = 9600。 缓存头强制缓存响应,强制网络响应,或强制使用条件GET验证网络响应。

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private final OkHttpClient client;

public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception {
int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize);

client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
.cache(cache)
.build();
}

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();

Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);

String response1Body = response1.body().string();
System.out.println("Response 1 response: " + response1);
System.out.println("Response 1 cache response: " + response1.cacheResponse());
System.out.println("Response 1 network response: " + response1.networkResponse());

Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);

String response2Body = response2.body().string();
System.out.println("Response 2 response: " + response2);
System.out.println("Response 2 cache response: " + response2.cacheResponse());
System.out.println("Response 2 network response: " + response2.networkResponse());

System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
}

要防止响应使用缓存,请使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK。 为了防止它使用网络,请使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE。

Note
:如果使用FORCE_CACHE并且响应需要网络,OkHttp将返回504 Unsatisfiable Request响应。

取消请求

使用Call.cancel()方法来立即他停止一个正在进行的请求。如果一个线程正在写入一个请求或者读取一个响应,程序将会抛出IOException异常。使用此选项可在不再需要call时节约网络资源。 例如当您的用户导航离开应用程序时,同步和异步调用都可以取消。

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private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
.build();

final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
final Call call = client.newCall(request);

// Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second.
executor.schedule(new Runnable() {
@Override public void run() {
System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
call.cancel();
System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
}
}, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

try {
System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
Response response = call.execute();
System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n",
(System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n",
(System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e);
}
}

连接超时

当连接不可达时使用timeouts来使一个请求失败。连接问题,服务器问题或者其他都可能导致网络连接失败,OhHttp支持连接超时,读超时和写超时。

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private final OkHttpClient client;

public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception {
client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
.connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.build();
}

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response completed: " + response);
}

单独配置

所有HTTP客户端配置都存在于OkHttpClient中,包括代理设置,超时和缓存。 当您需要更改单个调用的配置时,请调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder()。 这将返回与原始客户端共享的相同连接池,调度程序和配置的构建器。 在下面的示例中,我们使用500毫秒超时创建一个请求,另一个请求使用3000毫秒超时。

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private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay.
.build();

try {
// Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
.readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.build();

Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e);
}

try {
// Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
.readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.build();

Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e);
}
}

传递认证信息

OkHttp可以自动重试未经身份验证的请求。 当响应为401 Not Authorized,将要求Authenticator提供凭据。 应构建新请求包含凭证, 如果没有可用的凭据,则返回null以跳过重试。

使用Response.challenges()获取任何身份验证的方案和领域。 当完成基本挑战时,使用Credentials.basic(username,password)对请求标头进行编码。

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private final OkHttpClient client;

public Authenticate() {
client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
.authenticator(new Authenticator() {
@Override public Request authenticate(Route route, Response response) throws IOException {
System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response);
System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges());
String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1");
return response.request().newBuilder()
.header("Authorization", credential)
.build();
}
})
.build();
}

public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt")
.build();

Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

System.out.println(response.body().string());
}

你可以返回空值来放弃一个认证不通过的请求,避免多次重复本请求。例如,你可能想要跳过那些已经尝试过的请求。

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if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) {
return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry.
}

你也可以跳过服务器拒绝的请求:

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if (responseCount(response) >= 3) {
return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up.
}

下面是responseCount()方法:

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private int responseCount(Response response) {
int result = 1;
while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) {
result++;
}
return result;
}